我们研究了具有预处理结果数据的实验研究的最佳设计。估计平均处理效果是治疗和控制单元的加权平均结果之间的差异。许多常用的方法符合该配方，包括差分估计器和各种合成控制技术。我们提出了几种方法，用于结合重量选择一组处理的单位。观察问题的NP硬度，我们介绍了混合整数编程配方，可选择处理和控制集和单位权重。我们证明，这些提出的方法导致定性不同的实验单元进行治疗。我们根据美国劳动统计局的公开数据使用模拟，这些数据在与随机试验等简单和常用的替代品相比时，表现出平均平方误差和统计功率的改进。

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become commonplace to solve routine everyday tasks. Because of the exponential growth in medical imaging data volume and complexity, the workload on radiologists is steadily increasing. We project that the gap between the number of imaging exams and the number of expert radiologist readers required to cover this increase will continue to expand, consequently introducing a demand for AI-based tools that improve the efficiency with which radiologists can comfortably interpret these exams. AI has been shown to improve efficiency in medical-image generation, processing, and interpretation, and a variety of such AI models have been developed across research labs worldwide. However, very few of these, if any, find their way into routine clinical use, a discrepancy that reflects the divide between AI research and successful AI translation. To address the barrier to clinical deployment, we have formed MONAI Consortium, an open-source community which is building standards for AI deployment in healthcare institutions, and developing tools and infrastructure to facilitate their implementation. This report represents several years of weekly discussions and hands-on problem solving experience by groups of industry experts and clinicians in the MONAI Consortium. We identify barriers between AI-model development in research labs and subsequent clinical deployment and propose solutions. Our report provides guidance on processes which take an imaging AI model from development to clinical implementation in a healthcare institution. We discuss various AI integration points in a clinical Radiology workflow. We also present a taxonomy of Radiology AI use-cases. Through this report, we intend to educate the stakeholders in healthcare and AI (AI researchers, radiologists, imaging informaticists, and regulators) about cross-disciplinary challenges and possible solutions.

Satellite image change detection aims at finding occurrences of targeted changes in a given scene taken at different instants. This task is highly challenging due to the acquisition conditions and also to the subjectivity of changes. In this paper, we investigate satellite image change detection using active learning. Our method is interactive and relies on a question and answer model which asks the oracle (user) questions about the most informative display (dubbed as virtual exemplars), and according to the user's responses, updates change detections. The main contribution of our method consists in a novel adversarial model that allows frugally probing the oracle with only the most representative, diverse and uncertain virtual exemplars. The latter are learned to challenge the most the trained change decision criteria which ultimately leads to a better re-estimate of these criteria in the following iterations of active learning. Conducted experiments show the out-performance of our proposed adversarial display model against other display strategies as well as the related work.

Most of the existing learning models, particularly deep neural networks, are reliant on large datasets whose hand-labeling is expensive and time demanding. A current trend is to make the learning of these models frugal and less dependent on large collections of labeled data. Among the existing solutions, deep active learning is currently witnessing a major interest and its purpose is to train deep networks using as few labeled samples as possible. However, the success of active learning is highly dependent on how critical are these samples when training models. In this paper, we devise a novel active learning approach for label-efficient training. The proposed method is iterative and aims at minimizing a constrained objective function that mixes diversity, representativity and uncertainty criteria. The proposed approach is probabilistic and unifies all these criteria in a single objective function whose solution models the probability of relevance of samples (i.e., how critical) when learning a decision function. We also introduce a novel weighting mechanism based on reinforcement learning, which adaptively balances these criteria at each training iteration, using a particular stateless Q-learning model. Extensive experiments conducted on staple image classification data, including Object-DOTA, show the effectiveness of our proposed model w.r.t. several baselines including random, uncertainty and flat as well as other work.

Out-of-distribution detection is crucial to the safe deployment of machine learning systems. Currently, the state-of-the-art in unsupervised out-of-distribution detection is dominated by generative-based approaches that make use of estimates of the likelihood or other measurements from a generative model. Reconstruction-based methods offer an alternative approach, in which a measure of reconstruction error is used to determine if a sample is out-of-distribution. However, reconstruction-based approaches are less favoured, as they require careful tuning of the model's information bottleneck - such as the size of the latent dimension - to produce good results. In this work, we exploit the view of denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPM) as denoising autoencoders where the bottleneck is controlled externally, by means of the amount of noise applied. We propose to use DDPMs to reconstruct an input that has been noised to a range of noise levels, and use the resulting multi-dimensional reconstruction error to classify out-of-distribution inputs. Our approach outperforms not only reconstruction-based methods, but also state-of-the-art generative-based approaches.

Multiple instance learning exhibits a powerful approach for whole slide image-based diagnosis in the absence of pixel- or patch-level annotations. In spite of the huge size of hole slide images, the number of individual slides is often rather small, leading to a small number of labeled samples. To improve training, we propose and investigate different data augmentation strategies for multiple instance learning based on the idea of linear interpolations of feature vectors (known as MixUp). Based on state-of-the-art multiple instance learning architectures and two thyroid cancer data sets, an exhaustive study is conducted considering a range of common data augmentation strategies. Whereas a strategy based on to the original MixUp approach showed decreases in accuracy, the use of a novel intra-slide interpolation method led to consistent increases in accuracy.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

深度神经网络在医学图像分析中带来了显着突破。但是，由于其渴望数据的性质，医学成像项目中适度的数据集大小可能会阻碍其全部潜力。生成合成数据提供了一种有希望的替代方案，可以补充培训数据集并进行更大范围的医学图像研究。最近，扩散模型通过产生逼真的合成图像引起了计算机视觉社区的注意。在这项研究中，我们使用潜在扩散模型探索从高分辨率3D脑图像中生成合成图像。我们使用来自英国生物银行数据集的T1W MRI图像（n = 31,740）来训练我们的模型，以了解脑图像的概率分布，该脑图像以协变量为基础，例如年龄，性别和大脑结构量。我们发现我们的模型创建了现实的数据，并且可以使用条件变量有效地控制数据生成。除此之外，我们创建了一个带有100,000次脑图像的合成数据集，并使科学界公开使用。

可以使用医学成像数据研究人类解剖学，形态和相关疾病。但是，访问医学成像数据受到治理和隐私问题，数据所有权和获取成本的限制，从而限制了我们理解人体的能力。解决此问题的一个可能解决方案是创建能够学习的模型，然后生成以相关性的特定特征（例如，年龄，性别和疾病状态）来生成人体的合成图像。最近，以神经网络形式的深层生成模型已被用于创建自然场景的合成2D图像。尽管如此，数据稀缺性，算法和计算局限性仍阻碍了具有正确解剖形态的高分辨率3D体积成像数据的能力。这项工作提出了一个生成模型，可以缩放以产生人类大脑的解剖学正确，高分辨率和现实的图像，并具有必要的质量，以允许进一步的下游分析。产生潜在无限数据的能力不仅能够对人体解剖学和病理学进行大规模研究，而不会危及患者的隐私，而且还可以在异常检测，模态综合，有限的数据和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平和公平的学习领域进行显着提高。道德AI。代码和训练有素的模型可在以下网址提供：https：//github.com/amigolab/synthanatomy。

从药物研究到解剖模型，腹部腹部登记具有各种应用。然而，由于人类腹部的形态异质性和可变性，它仍然是一个充满挑战的应用。在为此任务提出的各种注册方法中，概率位移注册模型通过比较两个图像的点的特征向量来估计点子集的位移分布。这些概率模型具有信息性和健壮性，同时允许设计大量位移。由于位移分布通常是在点子集（我们称为驾驶点）上估算的，因此由于计算要求，我们建议在这项工作中学习驾驶点预测指标。与先前提出的方法相比，以端到端方式优化了驾驶点预测变量，以推断针对特定注册管道定制的驾驶点。我们评估了我们的贡献对与不同模式相对应的两个不同数据集的影响。具体而言，我们比较了使用驱动点预测器或其他2种标准驾驶点选择方法之一时，比较了6种不同概率位移登记模型的性能。提出的方法改善了12个实验中的11个。